**The year 1979 stands as a monumental turning point in Iranian history, marking the end of millennia of monarchy and the dawn of a new era shaped by the Islamic Revolution. At the heart of this seismic shift was one towering figure: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. His return to Iran ignited a movement that would forever alter the nation's political, social, and religious landscape, firmly establishing him as the undisputed Iran leader 1979.** This article delves into the dramatic events of that year, exploring Khomeini's pivotal role, the forces that propelled him to power, and the enduring legacy of his leadership. Understanding the complexities of 1979 is crucial for grasping the trajectory of modern Iran and its place in the world. The narrative of 1979 is not merely a chronicle of political change; it is a story of profound societal transformation. It speaks to the power of popular will, the influence of religious authority, and the intricate dance between domestic discontent and international dynamics. As we explore the journey that saw Khomeini emerge as the supreme leader, we uncover the deep historical roots and the revolutionary fervor that defined a nation's destiny. *** **Table of Contents** * [The Seeds of Revolution: Iran Before 1979](#the-seeds-of-revolution-iran-before-1979) * [Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini: A Biographical Sketch](#ayatollah-ruhollah-khomeini-a-biographical-sketch) * [Early Life and Education](#early-life-and-education) * [Opposition to the Shah and Exile](#opposition-to-the-shah-and-exile) * [The Unfolding Drama of 1979: The Shah's Departure and Khomeini's Return](#the-unfolding-drama-of-1979-the-shahs-departure-and-khomeinis-return) * [The Birth of the Islamic Republic: Khomeini as Revolutionary Leader](#the-birth-of-the-islamic-republic-khomeini-as-revolutionary-leader) * [Establishing the Supreme Leadership: Khomeini's Enduring Role](#establishing-the-supreme-leadership-khomeinis-enduring-role) * [The Legacy of Iran's 1979 Leader: A New Era](#the-legacy-of-irans-1979-leader-a-new-era) * [Understanding the Supreme Leader's Power Today](#understanding-the-supreme-leaders-power-today) * [The Enduring Echoes of 1979](#the-enduring-echoes-of-1979) * [Conclusion](#conclusion) *** ## The Seeds of Revolution: Iran Before 1979 To comprehend the rise of Iran's leader in 1979, one must first understand the landscape from which the revolution emerged. For decades, Iran had been under the rule of the Pahlavi dynasty, specifically Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, who had succeeded his father, Reza Shah, in the early 1950s. Reza Shah, the elder Pahlavi, had come to power during the 1920s, promoting an ideology rooted in 2,500 years of Persian monarchy. This emphasis on ancient imperial heritage, while aiming to foster national pride, often clashed with the religious and traditional values held by a significant portion of the population. Mohammad Reza Shah, like his father, pursued a modernization agenda, often perceived as Westernization, which was backed by powerful Western nations, including the US and the UK. While these reforms brought some economic development, they also led to growing social inequality, political repression, and a widening gap between the ruling elite and the general populace. Discontent simmered beneath the surface, fueled by a desire for greater social justice, political freedom, and a return to Islamic values. The Shah attempted to institute reforms to quell the burgeoning protests, but these efforts proved insufficient against the tide of popular unrest. The stage was set for a monumental confrontation, culminating in the dramatic events of 1979. ## Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini: A Biographical Sketch The central figure in the Iranian Revolution and the eventual Iran leader 1979 was Ruhollah Khomeini. His life journey spanned from a quiet upbringing in rural Iran to becoming the architect of a revolution that ended a millennia-old monarchy and established the Islamic Republic. Khomeini was an influential Iranian political and religious leader who played a critical role in shaping the modern history of Iran, embodying the aspirations and frustrations of millions. ### Early Life and Education Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini was born in 1902 in Khomeyn, a town in central Iran. His early life was marked by tragedy, losing his father at a young age. He began his religious education at a local maktab (traditional school) and later moved to the religious seminaries of Arak and Qom, which were significant centers of Shi'i learning. In Qom, he studied under prominent scholars, developing a deep understanding of Islamic jurisprudence, philosophy, ethics, and mysticism. His intellectual prowess and profound religious insight earned him the title of Ayatollah, a high-ranking cleric in Shi'i Islam. His quiet upbringing belied the revolutionary fervor that would later define his public life. ### Opposition to the Shah and Exile Khomeini's active opposition to the Shah's regime began in the early 1960s. He vehemently criticized the Shah's "White Revolution" reforms, which he viewed as un-Islamic and detrimental to the nation's independence. His theories of Islamic governance, particularly the concept of *Velayat-e Faqih* (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist), argued for the necessity of clerical rule to ensure the implementation of Islamic law and justice. This direct challenge to the Shah's authority led to his arrest and subsequent exile in 1964. For over a decade, Khomeini lived in exile, primarily in Iraq (Najaf) and later in France (Paris). Far from diminishing his influence, exile allowed him to consolidate his network of supporters, disseminate his revolutionary ideology through sermons and writings, and galvanize opposition to the Shah. His powerful messages, often smuggled into Iran, resonated deeply with a population yearning for change, effectively fostering the conditions for the Islamic Republic in 1979 and earning him the position of Iran's leader until his death in 1989. | **Personal Data: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini** | | :-------------------------------------------- | 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